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Environmental impact of mining
The environmental impact of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater, surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil.〔(Logging of forests and debris dumping )〕 Besides creating environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals also affect the health of the local population.〔(Poisoning by mines )〕 Mining companies in some countries are required to follow environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to close to its original state. Some mining methods may have significant environmental and public health effects. Nuss and Eckelman (2014)〔(Nuss, P. and M.J. Eckelman. 2014. Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101298. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0101298 )〕 provide an overview of the life-cycle wide environmental impacts of metals production associated with 62 metals in year 2008.
Erosion of exposed hillsides, mine dumps, tailings dams and resultant siltation of drainages, creeks and rivers can significantly impact the surrounding areas, a prime example being the giant Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea. In areas of wilderness mining may cause destruction and disturbance of ecosystems and habitats, and in areas of farming it may disturb or destroy productive grazing and croplands. In urbanised environments mining may produce noise pollution, dust pollution and visual pollution.
==Issues==
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